Vitamin A

Vitamin A

Other names: Retinol
Chemical formula: C₂₀H₃₀O
Solubility: Easily soluble in oils and organic solvents, almost insoluble in water
Stability: Sensitive to oxygen (especially under light), need to be stored away from light, esterified form is more stable
Appreance: Pale yellow oil or crystal (retinol ester is solid), fat-soluble

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Vitamin A regulates gene expression through retinoic acid receptors:

  • Visual function: Maintain dark vision
  • Epithelial differentiation: regulating keratinocyte proliferation and maintaining mucosal integrity
  • Immune regulation: enhance NK cell activity and antibody production
  • Deficiency syndrome: leading to night blindness, dry eye disease, and excessive keratinization of hair follicles
  • Clinical application: prevention and treatment of vitamin A deficiency, adjuvant therapy for acne (isotretinoin)

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